![]() The local municipality had decided that the Jewish community was not building in a ‘Jewish enough’ style, although it was not at all clear what this style ought to be. When Jews in Florence, Italy submitted plans for a new Great Synagogue in 1872, the designs were rejected not on the usual religious or political grounds, but for stylistic reasons. This pilot study is important with respect to the continuous efforts for preservation and restoration of the cultural heritage worldwide. This study, suggest moderate level of earthquake activity at Ben Ezra Synagogue and this is in a good agreement with the fact that “Egypt is a part of the stable African Shield”, but the existence of old structure such as the Ben Ezra Synagogue may reduce the ability to resist any earthquake shaking. Many forms of evaluation and related procedures for assessment of seismic risk for historical buildings have been discussed. ![]() This paper focuses on the issues associated with detailed procedures of risk and hazards assessment for retrofitting of architectural heritage. These significant historical buildings must be assessed their level of risk determined, and unacceptable risks reduced. However, Ben Ezra Synagogue is the oldest Jewish temple that was constructed with little or no seismic considerations that represent the largest risk to most communities. (4) Build up knowledge and case studies towards the restoration and repairs, and to survey the damage state of the historic structure. (3) Offer technical support and advice on restoration and repairs for the damaged structure. (2) Understand the damage situation for the historic building caused by the recent earthquakes. The main purposes of the present study are to: (1) Assess the level of seismic and other geo-environmental hazards at Ben Ezra Synagogue. The Synagogue suffers high risk in terms of seismic and environmental hazards. This knowledge is required to protect the building against seismic events. The integrated geotechnical and geophysical investigation techniques were done to assess the level of seismic and other geo-environmental hazards and risk that Synagogue suffers from in present and future. It suffers multiple environmental, geotechnical and earthquake hazards. It is considered the oldest Synagogue or Jewish temple found in Egypt represents cultural heritage of outstanding universal values. Such topic will be elaborated in this research that tackles the important role sculpture played throughout its long history of enriching public taste.Ībstract The Ben Ezra Synagogue or El-Geniza Synagogue or the Synagogue of the Levantines, is located in the Coptic section of Old Cairo area. Thus, we can be assure that during those ages, sculpture had an important and vital role in supplying life or afterlife needs, which was discovered in tombs, such as " King Tut's tomb", replete with all types of artistic creativity. It was also used to make plates, perfumes, oil, cups as well as cosmetic tools eyeliner containers, combs, jewelry, crowns and canopic jars toppers. Sculpture was not limited to its close association with architecture, but extended to become an element used in all aspects of life, such as home furnishing chairs, beds, headrests…etc. Mural paintings were drawn on wall, columns, internal and external yards of temples to meet functional and ideological needs. Statues of gods and kings were placed at the entrances and facades of temples. In ancient Egypt, sculpture was closely associated with architecture. As of the Dynastic Period, the Palette of King Narmar (The Narmar Palette) was the first monument discovered by archaeologists to lay down the basic rules of not only the relief and bas- relief, but also of the mural painting. This was obvious through the carving of animal and human figures, which reflected the everyday needs since the Age of Innocence and the Presynaptic Period. It also played a historical and memorial role as it registered all the fields of human activity. In ancient Egypt, sculpture was not only for fun and entertainment, but it had a functional and environmental role that had to do with the customs, traditions and rituals within an integrated aesthetic design.
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